"Still, an Independent Foreign Policy is an Ever-Pressing Matter"
By Teofilo Ora
The concept of an independent foreign policy for the Philippines is not only a matter of constitutional necessity but also an essential framework for the nation's survival, progress, and global relevance. The 1987 Philippine Constitution emphasizes that the country's foreign policy must prioritize national sovereignty, national interest, and the right to self-determination. These principles are enshrined to protect the country from external forces that might undermine its autonomy or dictate its future. At its core, an independent foreign policy should ensure that the Philippines remains a sovereign state, capable of making decisions based on its own needs and aspirations rather than bowing to the dictates of foreign powers.
In theory, this means that the Philippines should have the freedom to set its own course, make decisions in the best interest of its citizens, and protect its resources and territorial integrity from foreign interference. However, despite the constitutional mandate and the rhetoric of independence, the actual practice of foreign policy in the Philippines often falls short of this ideal, resulting in a relationship of dependence that seems inescapable. The country, in many ways, remains a vassal to foreign powers, particularly the United States, even as it contemplates its relationships with emerging powers like China. This situation is not merely a reflection of political realities; it is a historical hangover from the period of American colonization and the lingering influence of former colonial powers in the Philippines' policy decisions.
A Legacy of Dependence on the United States
The Philippines' foreign policy has long been shaped by the relationship with the United States, a legacy dating back to its time as an American colony. Despite gaining independence in 1946, the Philippines has remained closely tied to the U.S., particularly through defense agreements, trade relations, and cultural ties. The relationship was once one of paternalism, with the U.S. assuming a "Big Brother" role, seen in the U.S. military bases on Philippine soil, the economic aid extended to the country, and the political influence it exerted in Manila. While the military bases were officially closed in 1992, the agreements that replaced them — particularly the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) — continue to allow U.S. military forces to operate on Philippine territory, albeit under the guise of mutual cooperation.
This persistent military presence, though framed as mutual benefit and security, often feels like a modern-day manifestation of the Philippines' subordination to the U.S. The Philippines' defense strategy, rather than being focused on enhancing its own capabilities, continues to rely heavily on U.S. support and intervention. Joint military exercises and the promise of American military aid serve as a salve for a country still haunted by the shadow of colonialism and military dependency. The Philippines, despite being a sovereign nation, finds itself often caught in the orbit of U.S. interests, participating in conflicts and security arrangements that may not always align with its own national interests.
This relationship is further compounded by the psychological legacy of colonialism. Many Filipinos continue to view the United States as a benevolent force in their history — the protector that helped liberate the country from Japan during World War II, the provider of economic assistance, and the promoter of democratic values. This mindset often leads to an unquestioning acceptance of policies that benefit the U.S. at the expense of the Philippines. The idea that America will never abandon the Philippines has led to complacency in some quarters, with little recognition of the fact that U.S. interests may sometimes conflict with the Philippines’ long-term goals.
The Complex Reality of China's Rise
In the 21st century, the Philippines finds itself increasingly caught between two superpowers — the United States and China. The rise of China as a global economic and military power has shifted the balance of geopolitical influence in Asia, and the Philippines, with its strategic location in the South China Sea, is at the heart of these shifting dynamics. Historically, the Philippines had little choice but to engage with China, as it sought economic assistance and trade partnerships to bolster its own development. Yet, even as China’s economic power grew, its aggressive territorial claims in the South China Sea began to present a direct challenge to Philippine sovereignty.
China’s territorial expansionism, particularly its claim over nearly the entire South China Sea, directly conflicts with the Philippines’ rights to its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), as well as its fishing grounds and potential undersea resources. The Philippines, in a move to balance its foreign policy, has sought to engage with China economically, even as it navigates the complex web of territorial disputes and international law. However, the growing assertiveness of China — both in terms of its military presence in the region and its aggressive actions toward Philippine fishing boats and outposts — has complicated this relationship. The Philippines must contend with an increasingly powerful China while also managing its longstanding alliance with the United States, which has been vocal in supporting the Philippines' territorial claims.
Beyond territorial disputes, China's growing influence in the Philippines through investment, infrastructure projects, and trade has created a sense of economic dependency. While economic partnerships are necessary for national development, the Philippines must be cautious not to become overly reliant on China, which has shown it is willing to use its economic clout to influence political decisions in the region. The ongoing problem of Chinese crime syndicates operating within the Philippines, involved in activities such as offshore gambling, money laundering, and cybercrime, further complicates the relationship and raises questions about the true cost of economic cooperation with China.
The Need for a Genuine Independent Foreign Policy
In this context, the call for an independent foreign policy has never been more pressing. The Philippines must seek to strengthen its sovereignty, avoid being caught in the crossfire of superpower competition, and prioritize its national interest above external influences. An independent foreign policy requires the Philippines to foster genuine self-reliance, particularly in its defense capabilities, rather than continuing to rely on foreign powers — whether the U.S. or China — to guarantee its security. The country's political and military leaders must recognize that relying on foreign alliances can create vulnerabilities and perpetuate dependency.
True self-reliance entails strengthening the country’s own military and defense capabilities, improving intelligence and surveillance systems, and ensuring that the Philippines can defend its territory and interests without external assistance. It also requires a robust economic strategy that promotes self-sufficiency, with a focus on developing local industries, reducing dependency on foreign aid, and investing in homegrown innovation.
Furthermore, the Philippines must focus on regional diplomacy, forging deeper and more equitable partnerships with other nations in Southeast Asia, and engaging in multilateral efforts to address security and economic challenges. The Philippines should also champion its claims in the South China Sea in international forums, building alliances with countries that share its concerns about China's territorial expansion, and ensuring that its voice is heard in the global community.
The Philippines must act as a unifying force for its people. In a world increasingly shaped by competition between the U.S., China, and other global powers, the Philippines should never allow itself to become a pawn in larger geopolitical struggles. The people of the Philippines must be emboldened by their history, and by the sacrifices made during the darkest days of war, to understand that national interest must be the basis for all decisions in foreign policy.
Conclusion: A Call for National Unity and Independence
The Philippines must learn from its past mistakes, from the painful experiences of Tirad Pass, Balangiga, Bataan and Corregidor, to avoid being dragged into conflicts it did not initiate or choose. If war comes again, it should not be of the Philippines' making. The nation's independence must not be sacrificed for the promises of foreign powers, whether they come in the form of military aid, trade agreements, or economic assistance. Instead, the Philippines must stand united under a singular, national vision, putting the interests of its citizens first.
A truly independent foreign policy will be difficult to achieve, especially for a small and vulnerable nation like the Philippines. However, it is essential for the country’s long-term survival and prosperity. The Philippines must assert itself as a sovereign state — one that can navigate the complexities of the modern world with confidence, armed not with foreign backing, but with a resolute commitment to its own future. The nation must rise above the legacies of colonialism, dependency, and subservience to foreign powers, embracing instead a path of strength, diplomacy, and true self-determination. Only then can the Philippines truly claim its place in the world, on its own terms.